martes, 7 de septiembre de 2010
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lunes, 6 de septiembre de 2010
Metaphor
INDIVIDUAL ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING
There are many approaches to the individual ethical decision-making process in business. However, one of the more common was developed by James Rest and has been called the four-step or four-stage model of individual ethical decision-making. Numerous scholars have applied this theory in the business context. The four steps include: ethical issue recognition, ethical (moral) judgment, ethical (moral) intent, and ethical (moral) behavior.
ETHICAL ISSUE RECOGNITION.
Before a person can apply any standards of ethical philosophy to an issue, he or she must first comprehend that the issue has an ethical component. This means that the ethical decision-making process must be "triggered" or set in motion by the awareness of an ethical dilemma. Some individuals are likely to be more sensitive to potential ethical problems than others. Numerous factors can affect whether someone recognizes an ethical issue.
ETHICAL (MORAL) JUDGMENT.
If an individual is confronted with a situation or issue that he or she recognizes as having an ethical component or posing an ethical dilemma, the individual will probably form some overall impression or judgment about the rightness or wrongness of the issue. The individual may reach this judgment in a variety of ways, as noted in the earlier section on ethical philosophy.
ETHICAL (MORAL) INTENT.
Once an individual reaches an ethical judgment about a situation or issue, the next stage in the decision-making process is to form a behavioral intent. That is, the individual decides what he or she will do (or not do) in regard to the perceived ethical dilemma.
According to research, ethical judgments are a strong predictor of behavioral intent. However, individuals do not always form intentions to behave that are in accord with their judgments, as various situational factors may act to influence the individual otherwise.
ETHICAL (MORAL) BEHAVIOR.
The final stage in the four-step model of ethical decision-making is to engage in some behavior in regard to the ethical dilemma. Research shows that behavioral intentions are the strongest predictor of actual behavior in general, and ethical behavior in particular. However, individuals do now always behave consistent with either their judgments or intentions in regard to ethical issues. This is particularly a problem in the business context, as peer group members, supervisors, and organizational culture may influence individuals to act in ways that are inconsistent with their own moral judgments and behavioral intentions.
Read more:Ethics - organization, levels, system, examples, model, company, business, system, Approaches to ethical decision-making, Individual ethical decision-makinghttp://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Em-Exp/Ethics.html#ixzz0yoZArQcf
"The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when teachers or leaders believe, or act as if they believe, that a randomly selected subset of students or employees will perform better in contrast to some average or unknown group. But research done in the Israeli Defense Forces shows that Pygmalion effects can be created without inducing contrasts between high and low performers. When platoon leaders at training camps were convinced that all of the soldiers in their classes had unusually high command potential, there was still a strong Pygmalion effect. This suggests that overall performance of a group can be increased when leaders expect everyone to do well. There is apparently no need to sort people into subgroups of high-status "winners" and low-status "losers" in order to use the power of the self-fulfilling prophecy as a way to enhance performance."
"That's a good thing, because self-fulfilling prophecies are just as powerful in their effects in the opposite direction. When a leader believes that a person lacks skill or motivation, these negative expectations decrease performance. The effects of negative self-fulfilling prophecies help explain why, over the long term, internal competition can hamper performance. Once a person, group, or division is labeled a loser, research suggests that subsequent performance will be worse because leaders and others will unwittingly act to fulfill the poor performance expectations. And the loss of self-worth and motivation felt by those who are treated as losers leads to further decreases in their performance."
Source: Taken From Stanford GSB News
http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/research/ob_knowing.shtml. Paragraph 6-7, 06/09/2010.
Also, please follow this video for better understanding of the pygmalion effect:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Wl_MZc1cTU